Examining the Retina

   I usually examine the retina using an indirect ophthalmoscope (shown above) which gives a "wide angle" view of the posterior part of the eye. I may also use a direct ophthalmoscope, which shows retinal structures with greater magnification, or a Hruby lens or contact lens (in conjunction with the slit lamp microscope). Abnormalities may include birth defects involving the optic nerve or retina (hypoplasia, coloboma), hemorrhages (associated with trauma or retinopathy of prematurity), or optic nerve head swelling (papilledema) or pallor (optic nerve atrophy). Depending on the findings and situation, other tests or specialist evaluations may be arranged when certain retinal abnormalities are observed in children.